Figures and Tables

1 Political concepts

• Fig 1.1: Member states of the United Nations, 1949–2009

2 Theoretical approaches

• Fig 2.1: A bell-shaped distribution: parties converge at the centre

3 Research strategies

• Fig 3.1: Population and assembly size, 2009

4 The state

• Fig 4.1: The segmented state: horizontal links between ministries
• Table 4.1: Total government expenditure in selected democracies as a proportion of gross domestic product, 1970–2007
• Table 4.2: Countries scoring highest on the Fund for Peace Failed States Index, 2009
• Table 4.3: The European Union and the USA, 2007

5 Democracy

• Fig 5.1: Number of democratic countries in the world, 1946–2008
• Fig 5.2: The direct democracy of ancient Athens
• Fig 5.3: Liberal democracy: checks and balances in American government
• Table 5.1: The expansion of the British electorate, 1831–1931

6 Authoritarian rule

• Fig 6.1: The ending of military rule in Latin America
• Table 6.1: The largest authoritarian states by population

7 Political culture

• Fig 7.1: Americans’ trust in the government in Washington, 1964–2007
• Fig 7.2: Political generations
• Fig 7.3: How elite compromise can deliver political stability to divided societies

8 Political communication

• Fig 8.1: The transmission model of political communication
• Table 8.1: World internet usage, 2006–08

9 Political participation

• Fig 9.1: Patterns of participation in liberal democracies
• Fig 9.2: A patronage network linking centre and periphery
• Table 9.1: Political participation in Great Britain, 2008
• Table 9.2: Female representation in the national legislatures of liberal democracies, 2009
• Table 9.3: Not in my name: the largest demonstrations against the Iraq War, by city, 15–16 February 2003

10 Elections and voters

• Fig 10.1: Explicit thresholds of representation in some PR systems
• Fig 10.2: Methods for selecting presidents
• Fig 10.3: Turnout at American presidential elections, 1948–2004
• Fig 10.4: Turnout at parliamentary elections, 1970–2007
• Table 10.1: The Canadian federal elections of 1993 and 2006
• Table 10.2: How the mixed member proportional system works
• Table 10.3: Major changes to the electoral systems used in legislative elections, 1800–2002
• Table 10.4: Western democracies holding most national referendums, 1940–2006

11 Political parties

• Fig 11.1: Who selects candidates for legislative elections?
• Fig 11.2: Introduction of public subsidies for parties’ extra-parliamentary work, Western Europe, 1959–90
• Fig 11.3: The decay of some dominant parties, 1976–2009
• Fig 11.4: Organization of the Chinese Communist Party
• Table 11.1: Falling party membership in selected democracies, 1960–99
• Table 11.2: The Danish parliamentary election of 2007

12 Interest groups

• Fig 12.1: A peak association: Britain’s Confederation of British Industry
• Fig 12.2: Iron triangles: how subgovernments operated in the USA
• Fig 12.3: Channels of interest group influence
• Fig 12.4: Conditions of interest group influence
• Table 12.1: Density of trade union membership in selected democracies

13 Constitutions and law

• Fig 13.1: Establishing constitutional courts in Europe
• Fig 13.2: Methods of appointing judges
• Fig 13.3: Administrative courts in France

14 Multilevel governance

• Fig 14.1: Coordination within and across tiers of government
• Fig 14.2: Average population of elected local authorities (lowest tier) in selected European democracies
• Fig 14.3: Multilevel governance in a unitary state: France
• Table 14.1: Some major federations in liberal democracies
• Table 14.2: Subnational government in some unitary states: some European examples

15 Legislatures

• Fig 15.1: Population and assembly size, 2009
• Fig 15.2: Typical steps in making a law
• Fig 15.3: Incumbent return rates to the national legislature
• Table 15.1: Selection to the upper chamber in some liberal democracies

16 The political executive

• Fig 16.1: Presidential government
• Fig 16.2: Parliamentary government
• Fig 16.3: Governments in Western Europe, 1945–99
• Fig 16.4: Government formation in Belgium
• Fig 16.5: Semi-presidential government

17 Public management

• Fig 17.1: Founding of federal departments in Canada and the USA
• Fig 17.2: The structure of a typical government department

18 Public policy

• Fig 18.1: stages of the policy process
• Fig 18.2: Dimensions of national policy style

19 Political economy

• Fig 19.1: Rentier states: governments with the highest share of natural resource revenues in their incomes