The importance of international technology diffusion (ITD) for economic development can hardly be overstated. Both the acquisition of technology and its diffusion foster productivity growth. As invention and creation processes remain overwhelmingly the province of industrialized countries, most developing countries rely largely on imported technologies as sources of new productive knowledge. This book advances our understanding of the importance of technology diffusion through trade and foreign direct investment in a range of developing and transition economies. Addressing the effect of these two channels on productivity growth both at the firm and economy-wide level, it discusses policy interventions used by developing countries to stimulate ITD, ranging from economy-wide educational programs to funding for the creation and acquisition of technology, tax incentives, specific types of intellectual property protection, tariffs on trade, differential taxation, and export promotion schemes. The book concludes by providing guidance on the likely impact of policies towards trade and inward investment on productivity performance in different "types" of developing countries.
'For developing countries, access to technologies innovated elsewhere, their adoption and adaptation are more important than innovation. This volume explores the channels through which existing knowledge is transferred across countries, the magnitude of such transfers, and their impact. Its meticulous empirical work studiously avoids confusing association with causation. Above all, by exploring the implications of not only the modes of access to foreign technology such as foreign trade (including imports of equipment that embody technology) and direct investment, but also possible spillovers, backwards and forward in the host economy, the authors comprehensively analyze most of the relevant issues from a policy perspective. It is a 'must read' for scholars of development and policy makers in governments and multilateral institutions dealing with trade, investment and development.' - T.N. Srinivasan, Samuel C. Park, Jr. Professor of Economics, Yale University, USA
Introduction; B.M.Hoekman & B.Smarzynska Javorcik
PART 1: LITERATURE SURVEYS
Modes of Technology Transfer at the Firm Level; H.Pack
Foreign Direct Investment, Linkages, and Technology Spillovers; K.Saggi
Plant- and Firm-Level Evidence on 'New' Trade Theories; J.Tybout
PART 2: FOREIGN TRADE AND PRODUCTIVITY
On the Quantity and Quality of Knowledge Diffusion: The Impact of Openness and Foreign R&D on North-North and North-South R&D Spillovers; M.Schiff & Y.Wang
The Knowledge-Content of Machines: A New View on North-South Trade and Technology Diffusion; G.B.Navaretti, M.Schiff & I.Soloaga
Exports and Economic Performance: Evidence from a Panel of Chinese Enterprises; A.Kraay
PART 3: FDI, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND PRODUCTIVITY
Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises; S.Djankov & B.M.Hoekman
Technological Leadership and the Choice of Entry Mode by Foreign Investors; B.Smarzynska Javorcik
Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages; B.Smarzynska Javorcik
PART 4: INTERACTIONS AND COMPLEMENTARY POLICIES
Product Quality, Productive Efficiency, and International Technology Diffusion: Evidence from Plant-Level Panel Data; A.Kraay, J.Tybout & I.Soloaga
Market Discipline and Corporate Efficiency: Evidence from Bulgaria; S.Djankov & B.M.Hoekman
Innovation in Mexico: NAFTA Is Not Enough; D.Lederman, W.F.Maloney & L.Servén
BERNARD M. HOEKMAN, a CEPR (Centre for Economic and Policy Research) Research Fellow, is the World Bank's Research Manager of International Trade in the Development Research Group and Senior Economist in the Bank's International Economics Department, USA. A former member of the GATT Secretariat, he is the co-author of The Political Economy of the World Trading System: From GATT to WTO and co-editor of Turkey: Economic Reform and Accession to the European Union and Development, Trade and the WTO.
BEATA SMARZYNSKA JAVORCIK is Senior Economist in the Trade Team of the Development Economics Research Group of the World Bank, USA. She holds a PhD in Economics from Yale University and a BA from the University of Rochester. At the World Bank she has also served as a country economist for Azerbaijan and done extensive work on transition countries, including her native Poland. Recent publications include Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages in American Economic ReviewComposition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Transition Economies in European Economic Review and Policies Facilitating Firm Adjustment to Globalization (with B.M. Hoekman) in Oxford Review of Economic Policy.
Description
The importance of international technology diffusion (ITD) for economic development can hardly be overstated. Both the acquisition of technology and its diffusion foster productivity growth. As invention and creation processes remain overwhelmingly the province of industrialized countries, most developing countries rely largely on imported technologies as sources of new productive knowledge. This book advances our understanding of the importance of technology diffusion through trade and foreign direct investment in a range of developing and transition economies. Addressing the effect of these two channels on productivity growth both at the firm and economy-wide level, it discusses policy interventions used by developing countries to stimulate ITD, ranging from economy-wide educational programs to funding for the creation and acquisition of technology, tax incentives, specific types of intellectual property protection, tariffs on trade, differential taxation, and export promotion schemes. The book concludes by providing guidance on the likely impact of policies towards trade and inward investment on productivity performance in different "types" of developing countries.
Reviews
'For developing countries, access to technologies innovated elsewhere, their adoption and adaptation are more important than innovation. This volume explores the channels through which existing knowledge is transferred across countries, the magnitude of such transfers, and their impact. Its meticulous empirical work studiously avoids confusing association with causation. Above all, by exploring the implications of not only the modes of access to foreign technology such as foreign trade (including imports of equipment that embody technology) and direct investment, but also possible spillovers, backwards and forward in the host economy, the authors comprehensively analyze most of the relevant issues from a policy perspective. It is a 'must read' for scholars of development and policy makers in governments and multilateral institutions dealing with trade, investment and development.' - T.N. Srinivasan, Samuel C. Park, Jr. Professor of Economics, Yale University, USA
Contents
Introduction; B.M.Hoekman & B.Smarzynska Javorcik
PART 1: LITERATURE SURVEYS
Modes of Technology Transfer at the Firm Level; H.Pack
Foreign Direct Investment, Linkages, and Technology Spillovers; K.Saggi
Plant- and Firm-Level Evidence on 'New' Trade Theories; J.Tybout
PART 2: FOREIGN TRADE AND PRODUCTIVITY
On the Quantity and Quality of Knowledge Diffusion: The Impact of Openness and Foreign R&D on North-North and North-South R&D Spillovers; M.Schiff & Y.Wang
The Knowledge-Content of Machines: A New View on North-South Trade and Technology Diffusion; G.B.Navaretti, M.Schiff & I.Soloaga
Exports and Economic Performance: Evidence from a Panel of Chinese Enterprises; A.Kraay
PART 3: FDI, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND PRODUCTIVITY
Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises; S.Djankov & B.M.Hoekman
Technological Leadership and the Choice of Entry Mode by Foreign Investors; B.Smarzynska Javorcik
Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages; B.Smarzynska Javorcik
PART 4: INTERACTIONS AND COMPLEMENTARY POLICIES
Product Quality, Productive Efficiency, and International Technology Diffusion: Evidence from Plant-Level Panel Data; A.Kraay, J.Tybout & I.Soloaga
Market Discipline and Corporate Efficiency: Evidence from Bulgaria; S.Djankov & B.M.Hoekman
Innovation in Mexico: NAFTA Is Not Enough; D.Lederman, W.F.Maloney & L.Servén
Authors
BERNARD M. HOEKMAN, a CEPR (Centre for Economic and Policy Research) Research Fellow, is the World Bank's Research Manager of International Trade in the Development Research Group and Senior Economist in the Bank's International Economics Department, USA. A former member of the GATT Secretariat, he is the co-author of The Political Economy of the World Trading System: From GATT to WTO and co-editor of Turkey: Economic Reform and Accession to the European Union and Development, Trade and the WTO.
BEATA SMARZYNSKA JAVORCIK is Senior Economist in the Trade Team of the Development Economics Research Group of the World Bank, USA. She holds a PhD in Economics from Yale University and a BA from the University of Rochester. At the World Bank she has also served as a country economist for Azerbaijan and done extensive work on transition countries, including her native Poland. Recent publications include Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages in American Economic ReviewComposition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Transition Economies in European Economic Review and Policies Facilitating Firm Adjustment to Globalization (with B.M. Hoekman) in Oxford Review of Economic Policy.
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