Multiple choice questions

1. According to Paul Trowler, the media can be understood as:
   1.   ?    Organisations that transmit ideological messages like a hypodermic needle
   2.   ?    The methods and organisations used by specialist social groups to convey messages to large socially mixed and widely dispersed groups
   3.   ?    Responsible for distorted images of femininity
   4.   ?    In transition from public to private ownership
2. An ideology is:
   1.   ?    The process of gaining consent from oppressed classes
   2.   ?    A discipline that studies the history of ideas
   3.   ?    A set of ideas and discourses that attempt to structure and interpret the world, and are in some way linked to a particular social group
   4.   ?    Usually associated with Marxist thinkers
3. Two extreme views of media consumers, or the audience, are:
   1.   ?    Passive and active
   2.   ?    Reflective and refractive
   3.   ?    Black and White
   4.   ?    Readers and Listeners
4. Michel de Certeau suggests that the audience develops tactics to subvert dominant messages delivered via the media, and hence can be seen as:
   1.   ?    Cultural Dopes
   2.   ?    Hyperreal
   3.   ?    Instrumentalist
   4.   ?    Semiotic Guerillas
5. According to Saussure, there is --------------- relationship between the circulation of linguistic signs and the real world entities they represent.
   1.   ?    A foundational
   2.   ?    No necessary
   3.   ?    An ambiguous
   4.   ?    An ideological
6. As well as splitting the ‘sign’ into ‘signifier’ and ‘signified’, Roland Barthes suggests that it can be understood in terms of:
   1.   ?    Denotation and Connotation
   2.   ?    Ideology and Hegemony
   3.   ?    Active and Passive speech
   4.   ?    False consciousness
7. Post modern approaches to understanding the media are most associated with:
   1.   ?    John Fiske
   2.   ?    De Saussure
   3.   ?    Jean Baudrillard
   4.   ?    Simone de Beauvoir
8. According to Baudrillard, the third order of simulacra culminates with:
   1.   ?    Postmodernism
   2.   ?    The internet
   3.   ?    Hyperreality
   4.   ?    Fashion as portrayed in the media
9. Instrumentalist approaches to the political economy of the media are primarily inspired by:
   1.   ?    Structural functionalists
   2.   ?    Weberian scholars
   3.   ?    Pluralist theory
   4.   ?    Marxism
10. Many sociologists prefer the notion of hegemony when understanding the political economy of the media because:
    1.   ?    It is closer to the truth
    2.   ?    It reflects hyperreality
    3.   ?    It rejects the extremities of both instrumentalist and pluralist approaches
    4.   ?    It incorporates understandings of both semiology and postmodernism
11. Louis Althusser and Ralph Miliband are associated with which of these approaches to the political economy of the media?
    1.   ?    Instrumentalist
    2.   ?    Pluralist
    3.   ?    Hegemonic
    4.   ?    Semiotic
12. Approaches to media that see the audience as a passive mass of spectators are known as:
    1.   ?    Hypodermic needle models
    2.   ?    Instrumentalist models
    3.   ?    Semiotic guerrilla models
    4.   ?    State broadcasting models
13. Ferdinand de Saussure is associated with:
    1.   ?    Semiology
    2.   ?    Poststructuralism
    3.   ?    Marxism
    4.   ?    Content analysis
14. Hyperreality is an experience of:
    1.   ?    Early modernity
    2.   ?    A unitary meaning of signs
    3.   ?    An abolition of the distinction between real and imaginary
    4.   ?    Fragmented class consciousness
15. According to many sociologists, the news is:
    1.   ?    Gendered
    2.   ?    Socially constructed
    3.   ?    All about you
    4.   ?    A representation of objectively newsworthy events
16. The increasing use of computer technologies and mobile devices for delivering media content is captured by the term:
    1.   ?    Flash mobbing
    2.   ?    New media
    3.   ?    Big money wasters
    4.   ?    Digital rights management
17. Post-modernist theorists argue that:
    1.   ?    The audience are dupes
    2.   ?    The media is apolitical
    3.   ?    Audiences resist and subvert dominant meanings
    4.   ?    Capitalism is the motor of history
18. A simulacra is:
    1.   ?    Copies with no original
    2.   ?    Reality
    3.   ?    Unreality
    4.   ?    Unreal copies of real copies
19. The audience can be seen as either:
    1.   ?    Passive or active
    2.   ?    Open or closed
    3.   ?    Simulation or simulacra
    4.   ?    Instrumental or definitional
20. The three main perspectives on patterns of media ownership and its effects are:
    1.   ?    Ideological, formalist and semiotic
    2.   ?    Modernist, postmodernist and hyper-real
    3.   ?    Preferred, oppositional and modified
    4.   ?    Hegemonic, pluralist and instrumentalist