It has been proven that empirical research was
1. adopted and applied by all Greek philosophers of the antique
2. employed by a considerable number of Greek philosophers of the antique
3. approached with mistrust by all Greek philosophers of the antique
4. never considered as a research model by Greek philosophers of the antique
Which of the following Greek philosophers was reluctant to adopt empirical research as a source of knowledge?
1. Socrates
2. Xenophanes
3. Thales
4. Anaximander
Who was the philosopher who argued that the role of social scientists was that of priests, and that science was a new religion that could help establish an egalitarian society?
1. Le Play
2. Adolph Quételet
3. Claude-Henri Saint-Simon
4. William Petty
The research that is aimed primarily at understanding people and their actions is
1. positivist research
2. critical research
3. interpretivist research
4. empirical research
The second half of the last century was dominated by
1. a strengthening of the critical spirit that grew rapidly within the domain of social research
2. a challenge of the legitimation of positivism as the dominant research model
3. a growing mistrust in the scientific, empirical research
4. all of the above
The advent and expansion of positivism had major effects on the theory and practice of research. Which of the following effects is most important?
1. social research separated itself from philosophy
2. social research became increasingly empirical, quantitative and scientific
3. social research dominated initially the social sciences as the intellectual tool of knowledge extraction
4. all of the above
The research that is aimed primarily at exploring, explaining, evaluating human action and making predictions about the future is
1. interpretivist research
2. critical research
3. positivist research
4. feminist research
The research that is aimed primarily at critiquing social reality, and emancipating and empowering people is known as
1. positivist research
2. critical research
3. interpretivist research
4. empirical research
It is an ethical requirement that people taking part in experiments should be fully informed of the real purpose of the research
1. at the outset of the study
2. at the outset of the study, if subjects are underage
3. after completion of the study
4. before and after the study
Positivism proposes that
1. one should enter the research process with a positive attitude
2. positive phenomena do not exist
3. research should investigate positive phenomena only
4. one should avoid negative impressions of reality
Positivism was developed and introduced to the social sciences by
1. Spencer
2. Plato
3. Comte
4. Marx
Positivist principles as introduced by Comte entailed an aversion to
1. speculation
2. metaphysics
3. theological explanations
4. all of the above
Positivism suggests that social sciences should
1. adopt the scientific method
2. employ the positive method
3. study positive phenomena
4. all of the above
General criticisms of positivism addressed
1. its perception of reality
2. the goals it pursued
3. the moral prescriptions it assumed
4. all of the above
Which of the following does NOT belong to the aims of positivist research?
1. to emancipate people
2. to explore social reality
3. to explain social phenomena
4. to make predictions
Which of the following is one of the ethical standards in professional practice?
1. accuracy in data gathering, data processing, and reporting
2. choice of relevant research methodology and use of appropriate interpretation
3. avoiding fabrication or falsification of data
4. all of the above