In qualitative research, closeness of the researcher means
1. that researchers are expected to work closely with each other
2. that researchers come closer to reality and social interaction
3. that researchers are expected to work closely to the principles of objectivity
4. neither a nor b
In qualitative research, openness of the methods means
1. that methods can be changed and adjusted during data collection
2. that researchers can use methods at will
3. that the choice of methods is not important for research outcomes
4. that researchers maintain an open mind
In qualitative research, ‘communicative method’ means
1. that communicative means are employed to capture the essence of interaction
2. that communication techniques are used to capture reality as objectively defined
3. that methods are set to capture reality in communication and interaction
4. a and b above
In qualitative research, ‘naturalistic method’ means
1. methods as designed naturally by researchers
2. methods employing natural techniques of data collection
3. methods designed to study everyday life as it unfolds and is interpreted by the subjects
4. methods applied in natural sciences
In qualitative research, instrumentation prior to the study is
1. rejected as totally inadequate and ineffective
2. accepted under certain conditions
3. accepted by some researchers and rejected by others
4. none of the above
In experiments, the process of controlling the factors that influence the subjects is usually referred to as
1. ruling out
2. controlling for
3. closing off
4. all of the above
The method employed when choosing subjects for experiments is
1. randomisation
2. subject matching
3. group matching
4. all of the above
To ensure a high degree of similarity between experimental and control groups the researcher
1. employs subject matching techniques
2. employs group matching techniques
3. employs randomisation
4. all of the above
Experimental and control groups are constructed by the researcher to be similar in
1. gender, education and status
2. factors related to the independent variable
3. factors related to the dependent variable
4. all of the above
Field experiments are characterised by the fact that
1. they are performed in natural situations
2. they use precautions employed in other types of experiments
3. strict adherence to principles of experiments is often difficult to achieve
4. all of the above
Which of the following statements is correct?
1. panel studies are the same as longitudinal studies
2. panel studies and longitudinal studies are multiple-sample studies
3. cross-sectional studies are multiple-sample studies
4. all of the above
Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that should be met when causation is to be established?
1. a relationship between variables must be established
2. time order must be established
3. teleology must be evident
4. cause and effects must be contiguous
Which of the following is NOT one of the problems referred to in the text that may interfere with establishing a causal relationship?
1. mismatch
2. rationale of causation
3. spuriousness
4. tautology
Panel studies are
1. the same as longitudinal studies
2. studies in which different respondents are studied on more than one occasion on the same topic and using the same methods and questions
3. studies in which the same respondents are studied on more than one occasion
4. a and c above
Trend studies are
1. the same as longitudinal studies
2. studies in which different respondents are studied on more than one occasion on the same topic, and using the same methods and questions
3. studies in which the same respondents are studied on more than one occasion
4. a and b above
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
1. in qualitative research, theory is deductive; in qualitative research, theory is inductive
2. quantitative research begins with reality, qualitative research begins with theory
3. quantitative research employs fixed concepts, qualitative research employs sensitising concepts
4. quantitative research allows inductive generalisations, qualitative research makes analytic generalisations
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of social research?
1. spuriousness
2. replication
3. precision in measurement
4. representativeness