‘Binomial’ variables is another name for continuous variables.
The same concept can act as a dependent variable in one context of a study and as an independent variable in another.
Nominal-level measurement assumes no equal units of measurement.
In ordinal-level measurement, numbers have actual mathematical meaning but no identification properties.
Interval-level measurement allows differentiation, classification and ordering but does not specify the numerical distance between the categories.
Ratio-level measurement is the same as interval-level measurement except that it entails an absolute true zero.
In measurement, arbitrary and true zeros are the same: zeros are zeros.
Empirical validation tests pragmatic or criterion validity.
An instrument is reliable when it measures what it is supposed to measure.
Replication is a requirement for both quantitative and qualitative research.
When testing the validity of an instrument, precision is the same as accuracy.
Empirical validation tests pragmatic or criterion validity.
Construct validity is a method employed when testing empirical validity.
Validity testing is a characteristic of quantitative research, where complex statistical measures are employed for this purpose.
Reliability is a measure of objectivity, stability, consistency and precision.
Although of a different kind, reliability is employed also in qualitative research.
Most qualitative researchers reject in principle the notion of objectivity.
The variable ‘temperature’ expresses an interval-level measurement.
The variable ‘gender’ (male/female) expresses a ratio-level measurement.
The variable ‘social class’ (high-middle-low) expresses an ordinal-level measurement.